ABSTRACT
This study was carried out among 144 individuals (18 years) from the Yoruba tribe of Southwestern Nigeria in order to determine the association between tongue rolling and folding. Participants were examined for the ability to roll and/or fold their tongues. The incidence of tongue rollers and folders were 59.7 % and 79.2 % respectively. Tongue rolling was higher in females than male but the difference was not significant (X2= 1.039, df = 1, p= 0.308). Tongue folding was significantly higher in females than males (X2= 4.211, df= 1, p= 0.04). Of the 144 participants, 76 (52.8 %) were tongue rollers and folders, 10 (6.9 %) were rollers and non-folders, 38 (26.4 %) were non-rollers and folders and 20 (13.9 %) were non-rollers and non-folders. These classes did not vary significantly with sex (X2= 5.895, df= 3, p= 0.117) but there was a significant association between the ability to roll the tongue and the ability to fold the tongue (X2= 10.97, df= 1, p <0.001). This study shows that tongue rollers are associated with tongue folders.
Este estudio se realizó en 144 individuos (18 años) de la tribu Yoruba del suroeste de Nigeria con el fin de determinar la asociación entre la lengua enrollada y plegada. Los participantes fueron examinados por la capacidad de enrollar y/o doblar sus lenguas. La incidencia de enrollar y/o doblar las lenguas fueron de 59,7 % y 79,2 %, respectivamente. La capacidad de enrollar la lengua fue mayor en mujeres que en los hombres, pero la diferencia no fue significativa (X2= 1,039, df= 1, p= 0,308). El plegado o doblado de la lengua fue significativamente mayor en mujeres que hombres (X2= 4,211, df= 1, p= 0,04). De los 144 participantes, 76 (52,8 %) enrollaron y doblaron la lengua, 10 (6,9 %) enrollaron y no doblaron la lengua, 38 (26,4 %) no enrollaron y doblaron la lengua, y 20 (13,9 %) no enrollaron y ni doblaron la lengua. Estas clasificaciones no variaron significativamente con el sexo (X2= 5,895, df= 3, p= 0,117), sin embargo hubo una asociación significativa entre la capacidad de enrollar la lengua y la capacidad de doblar la lengua (X2= 10,97, df= 1, p<0,001). Este estudio muestra que la capacidad de enrollar la lengua está asociada con la capacidad de doblar la lengua.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Tongue Habits , Tongue/anatomy & histology , Ethnicity , NigeriaABSTRACT
Background: Alterations in immunoglobulin levels have been implicated in physical exercises, of varying intensity and frequency. This has been largely attributed to decline in physical exercise thus predisposing many to various chronic ailments. The objective of this study was to determine and compare results of the effect of moderate and vigorous exercises on Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and Immunoglobulin M (IgM) before exercise, two weeks after exercise and four weeks after exercise. Methods: Serum concentration of IgG and IgM of both vigorous exercise group (50 male individuals who played football for 2 hours daily for 5 days/week) and moderate exercise group (50 male individuals who played football for 30 minutes daily for 3 days/week) were determined using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. All data were expressed as Mean ± Standard Deviation (SD) and analyzed with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) while multiple comparisons were done using Post Hoc test. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used for correlational analysis. Results: In the moderate exercise group, mean BMI was reduced while IgG was increased but not significantly at P<0.05 all through. Mean serum IgM was increased significantly at P<0.05 mostly 4 weeks after exercise as compared with the results before exercise. In the vigorous exercise group, mean BMI was decreased while mean serum IgG was increased but not significantly at P<0.05. Mean serum IgM was significantly increased all through at P<0.05. Conclusions: Vigorous physical exercise can substantially increase fitness, but, moderate physical exercise, when performed frequently and over an extended period, produces enhanced immune response.